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Through several recently published rules, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is making it possible for Medicare beneficiaries to have greater access to health care services provided remotely through telehealth or “telehealth-like” methods and to implement telehealth provisions included in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (BBA). The recently posted Medicare physician fee schedule (PFS) and home health prospective payment system (HH PPS) final rules and the Medicare Advantage and Prescription Drug Benefit proposed rule all included provisions that establish or would establish new rules concerning telehealth or related services. Viewed together, this demonstrates CMS’ belief that telehealth and related communication technology-based services can provide expanded access to high-quality and cost-effective health services and that CMS will be providing more flexibility to encourage the use of these services. These changes recognize growing beneficiary and health care professional comfort with the use of communication technology in the provision of health services. The changes also implicitly acknowledge the growing demand for the convenience of telehealth services. It remains to be seen whether these Medicare program developments will result in expanded coverage of telehealth services under any state Medicaid programs.

Medicare physician fee schedule final rule

On November 1, CMS posted the Medicare physician fee schedule final rule. Because the Medicare statute limits payment for telehealth services to beneficiaries in certain geographic  areas (primarily rural) and limits the “originating sites” where beneficiaries can get access to telehealth services, CMS has used its rule-making authority to bypass these restrictions by identifying and paying for certain telehealth-like services described below as “communication technology-based services” outside the telehealth benefit. CMS also is paying for new remote monitoring services, as described below. Medicare will begin paying separately for all of these new services in January 2019. CMS has expressed interest in recognizing innovations in the use of new communication technologies. CMS also noted that several of these new services are aimed at avoiding the scheduling of office visits that may not be necessary by providing a lower level payment for a separate service. The rates for these new services are provided in a chart below.

Virtual check-in (HCPCS code G2012)

Under Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code G2012, Medicare will pay separately for “brief communication technology-based services,” also referred to as a “virtual check-in,” provided certain conditions are met. This five to 10-minute non-face-to-face telephone or computer-based interaction can be provided only to established patients in order to assess whether the patient’s condition warrants an office visit. If the visit is in follow-up to a related evaluation and management (E/M) service provided within the past seven days, or if it results in an office visit within the next 24 hours or the soonest available appointment, then CMS will consider it to be bundled into those visits and it will not be separately reimbursed. The payment will be lower than the rate for the lowest level E/M in-person service, and because these “visits” will be subject to Medicare coinsurance, the patient’s verbal consent (oral consent, as opposed to written or electronic consent) must be obtained and noted in the medical record. CMS has said it will monitor utilization of this code to determine whether frequency limits are warranted.

Remote evaluation of prerecorded patient information (HCPCS code G2010)

Similar to the virtual check-in, Medicare also will pay separately for professional evaluation of prerecorded images or video transmitted by established patients for the purpose of determining whether an office visit is warranted. After reviewing the images or video sent by patients, the clinician must follow up with the patient within 24 business hours by phone, email, text message, or other mode of communication. As with the virtual check-in, if this remote evaluation originates from a related E/M service within the past seven days or results in an office visit within the next 24 hours or the next available appointment, the service will be considered bundled and not separately payable. Beneficiary consent (oral, written, or electronic) to the service must be documented because the service would be subject to coinsurance.

Interprofessional internet consultation (CPT®1 codes 99446-49 and 99451-52)

CMS also finalized its proposal to pay separately for four existing and two new Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) codes describing consultations between physicians or other qualified health professionals when they are for the benefit of a specific patient. These consultations occur when a treating physician seeks the opinion and/or treatment advice of a consulting physician or other health professional with specific expertise, and CMS noted that the current lack of reimbursement for these interactions often leads to the scheduling of an office visit for the patient even though the patient’s presence is not necessary and a telephone or internet consultation between health care professionals would be sufficient. CMS views its recognition of these services as part of the movement away from a strictly fee-for-service-based system and toward a more care management-based approach to providing quality care to beneficiaries with multiple complex conditions. CMS is requiring documentation of beneficiary consent to receive these services because they will be subject to coinsurance, and it will monitor use of the consultations and consider refinements in documentation and billing policies if warranted.

Remote patient monitoring (HCPCS codes 99453, 99454, and 99457)

Having already established payment for chronic care management services in 2016, which are non-face-to-face, in 2019 CMS will establish payment for three codes to report “Chronic Care Remote Physiologic Monitoring.” These include a code for the initial setup and patient education regarding use of remote monitoring of physiologic parameters such as weight, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and respiratory flow rate, and another code that can be billed monthly for the costs associated with the supplies and transmission of data. A separate code can be reported for 20 minutes or more of a physician or other health care professional’s time on treatment management during the month, but this service cannot be provided by auxiliary personnel and billed “incident to” a professional’s service. CMS will be issuing further guidance on the specific kinds of technology and scope of services covered under these codes.

Medicare telehealth services (HCPCS codes G0513 and G0514)

In addition to the new types of services described above, CMS annually updates the list of approved Medicare telehealth services, and this year added two codes for reporting “prolonged preventive services.” These codes, which are similar to existing E/M codes, are for reporting preventive services that require direct patient contact beyond the typical service time.

1 CPT Copyright 2018 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. CPT® is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association.

Use of telehealth in treatment of substance use disorders

The physician fee schedule final rule also implements provisions in the recently passed Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act, which is focused on addressing the opioid crisis, expanding the use of telehealth for treatment of substance use. Effective July 1, 2019, the geographic restrictions applicable to most telehealth services will not apply to use of telehealth for the treatment of diagnosed substance use disorders or co-occurring mental health disorders. The patient’s home will also be an acceptable originating site, although no facility fee will be paid. Implementation of this SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act provision was issued as an interim final rule with a 60-day comment period, and CMS solicits comments on this provision.

Medicare home health prospective payment system final rule

On October 31, CMS posted the HH PPS final rule, which will allow home health agencies to include the costs of remote patient monitoring as an allowable administrative cost (e.g., operating expense) on their cost report if the remote monitoring is used to assist in the care planning process. This will allow such expenses to be factored into the costs per visit. Commenters on the proposed rule suggested that CMS should take an even broader approach to telehealth and include payment for virtual visits. CMS declined to do so, but described the inclusion on the cost report of costs associated with remote patient monitoring as a necessary first step in determining whether the use of such technology improves outcomes for home health patients.  This suggests CMS may further expand payment for the use of telehealth in home health in the future.

Expanded coverage of telehealth by Medicare Advantage plans

In implementing the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, CMS also is proposing to allow Medicare Advantage (MA) plans to offer expanded coverage for “clinically appropriate additional telehealth benefits” beginning in plan year 2020. CMS would allow the plans to treat them as “basic benefits” for purposes of bid submission and payment, making it more likely that plans will offer them. Under the proposal, MA plans could offer Part B covered services as “additional telehealth benefits” outside the scope of services currently allowed under the Medicare telehealth benefit and not subject to the location restrictions applicable to telehealth services. To preserve beneficiary choice, any Part B service covered by plans as an “additional telehealth benefit” must also be available through an in-person visit and not only via telehealth. In addition, CMS is proposing to continue allowing plans to offer supplemental benefits (e.g., benefits not covered by original Medicare) via remote technologies or telemonitoring services that do not qualify as “additional telehealth benefits.”

CMS is not proposing to define which services are “clinically appropriate” to be offered as “additional telehealth benefits,” but would instead allow MA plans the flexibility to make that determination for themselves each year, consistent with professionally recognized standards of care. The MA plan would have to use contracted providers to provide these additional telehealth benefits and other MA regulations, including those regarding provider credentialing and selection would apply. Plans would be responsible for ensuring that the telehealth provider was in compliance with applicable licensing requirements and other state laws for the state in which the enrollee is located. CMS has solicited comments on its proposed approach and on the impact such telehealth providers should have on determinations of MA network adequacy.

Taken together, these recent changes by Congress and CMS indicate significant interest in making more health services available to Medicare beneficiaries via telehealth and similar technologies and to continue testing whether and when such services can be used to expand access to high-quality, cost-effective care, and to improve care coordination.

Appendix: Remote monitoring services payment rates

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The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) recently published two rules designed to promote the use of telehealth and remote patient monitoring (RPM) under the Medicare program.

Telehealth Benefits under Medicare Advantage

On November 1, 2018, CMS published a proposed rule that (among other things) implements provisions of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (the BBA) authorizing reimbursement of additional telehealth services as basic benefits under Medicare Advantage (MA) plans.

Generally, MA plans are health insurance policies offered by private companies that contract with CMS to provide coverage to Medicare beneficiaries. The benefits these plans offer fall into two categories: (1) basic benefits, which are paid through a government-funded capitation rate, and (2) supplemental benefits, which are funded using rebate dollars and/or additional enrollee premiums. Currently, MA plans may cover as basic benefits only those specific telehealth services available under traditional Medicare, which must be rendered using telecommunications systems that permit real-time communication between a beneficiary and the provider and are subject to location or “originating site” limitations. Any telehealth benefits beyond those provided under traditional Medicare must be offered only as supplemental benefits.

In accordance with Section 50323 of the BBA, the proposed rule would allow MA plans to provide, starting in plan year 2020, “additional telehealth benefits” payable by CMS. Under the BBA, these “additional telehealth benefits” must be (1) for services generally available under Medicare Part B, but not payable (under traditional Medicare) as telehealth services, and (2) identified by the MA plan in the applicable year’s Evidence of Coverage document as clinically appropriate to furnish via telecommunications technology. MA plans may continue to cover telehealth services that do not meet these requirements as supplemental benefits.

Importantly, in order to protect patient choice, the proposed rule provides that any service that is covered by a MA plan as a telehealth benefit must also be covered if provided in a face-to-face encounter. Additionally, as required by the BBA, the rule prohibits payment for any capital and/or infrastructure costs relating to the additional telehealth benefits. Comments on the proposed rule are due by 5:00 p.m. on December 31, 2018.

RPM in Home Health

On October 31, 2018, CMS issued a final rule allowing home health agencies to include the costs of RPM among their reimbursable administrative expenses beginning in calendar year 2019. This rule defines RPM for purposes of the Medicare home health benefit as “the collection of physiologic data (for example, ECG, blood pressure, glucose monitoring) digitally stored and/or transmitted by the patient and/or caregiver to the HHA.” Although the Social Security Act prohibits payment for services furnished via a telecommunications system if such services are substituted for in-person home health services required under a patient’s plan of care, CMS concludes in its discussion of the rule that this prohibition does not apply to RPM because RPM does not involve any direct interaction between patient and provider. Accordingly, RPM does not replace in-person services required under the plan of care, but rather may be used by an HHA to more quickly identify changes in a patient’s condition and appropriately update the plan of care.

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CMS has issued a final rule with three new codes for RPM services, retitled “Chronic Care Remote Physiologic Monitoring,” which do a far better job reflecting how providers can more effectively and efficiently use RPM technology to monitor and manage patient care needs, including chronic care management.  These three codes go live January 1, 2019. These codes incentivize providers to effectively and efficiently use RPM technology to monitor and manage patient care needs.

CMS’ explanation for its bold, new rule: “We now recognize that advances in communication technology have changed patients’ and practitioners’ expectations regarding the quantity and quality of information that can be conveyed via communication technology. From the ubiquity of synchronous, audio/video applications to the increased use of patient-facing health portals, a broader range of services can be furnished by health care professionals via communication technology as compared to 20 years ago.”

Medicare Remote Patient Monitoring Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Does Medicare Already Cover Remote Patient Monitoring?

Yes.  Even before the new codes, Medicare already offered separate reimbursement for RPM services billed under CPT code 99091.  That service is defined as the “collection and interpretation of physiologic data (e.g., ECG, blood pressure, glucose monitoring) digitally stored and/or transmitted by the patient and/or caregiver to the physician or other qualified health care professional, qualified by education, training, licensure/regulation (when applicable) requiring a minimum of 30 minutes of time.”  It went live for the first time on January 1, 2018.

2. Why Did CMS Create the New RPM Codes?

While industry advocates generally applauded CMS for activating CPT 99091, they recognized how that code fails to optimally describe how RPM services are furnished using current technology and staffing models.  This failure may be due to the fact that CPT 99091 is 16 years old and had never before been a separately payable service.  (It is an older code CMS “unbundled” and designated as a separately-payable service.)  Indeed, the AMA’s CPT Editorial Panel developed and finalized the three new RPM codes in late 2017.  These are the codes CMS finalized effective in 2019.  The new codes do a far better job in accurately reflecting contemporary RPM services.

3. What Are the New RPM Codes?

The new Chronic Care Remote Physiologic Monitoring codes are:

• CPT code 99453: “Remote monitoring of physiologic parameter(s) (e.g, weight, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, respiratory flow rate), initial; set-up and patient education on use of equipment.” The Medicare payment for these services is $19.46.
• CPT code 99454: “Remote monitoring of physiologic parameter(s) (eg, weight, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, respiratory flow rate), initial; device(s) supply with daily recording(s) or programmed alert(s) transmission, each 30 days.” The Medicare payment for these services is $64.15.
• CPT code 99457: “Remote physiologic monitoring treatment management services, 20 minutes or more of clinical staff/physician/other qualified healthcare professional time in a calendar month requiring interactive communication with the patient/caregiver during the month.” The Medicare payment for these services is $51.54.

4. How Much Time is Required to Bill CPT 99457? 

At least 20 minutes per calendar month.  This differs from CPT 99091, which requires at least 30 minutes per 30-day period.  CPT 99457 is much easier to track because it is based on a calendar month, not 30-day periods.  This will more easily align with recordkeeping and claims submission, as CPT 99457 is reimbursed on a monthly basis.

5. What Type of Technology Qualifies Under the New RPM Codes? 

Many advocates asked CMS to clarify the kinds of technology covered under CPT codes 99453, 99454, and 99457.  Some groups gave examples of the kinds of technology they believe these codes should cover, such as software applications that could be integrated into a beneficiary’s smartphone, Holter-Monitors, Fitbits, or artificial intelligence messaging.  Other examples included behavioral health data and data from wellness applications, or results of patients’ self-care tasks.  Unfortunately, CMS did not offer any specifics in the final rule on what technology qualifies, but CMS does plan to issue forthcoming guidance to help inform practitioners and stakeholders on these issues.  This may likely be in the form of a CMS MLN article or Q&A.

6. Who Can Deliver RPM Services?

CPT 99457 allows RPM services to be performed by the physician, qualified healthcare professional, or clinical staff.  Clinical staff includes, for example, RNs and medical assistants (subject to state law scope of practice and state law supervision requirements).  The inclusion of “clinical staff” is the most significant differentiator from CPT 99091, as that code is limited only to “physicians and qualified health care professionals.”  All practitioners must practice in accordance with applicable state law and scope of practice laws.  The term “other qualified healthcare professionals” used in CPT 99457 is a defined term, and that definition can be found in the CPT Codebook.

7. Can RPM (CPT 99459) Be Billed “Incident To”?  What Supervision Level is Required?

CMS stated that CPT code 99457 describes professional time and “therefore cannot be furnished by auxiliary personnel incident to a practitioner’s professional services.”

This position is notably different from how CMS chose to deal with Chronic Care Management (CCM) services (CPT 99487, 99489, and 99490).  For those CCM Services, CMS made an exception allowing incident to billing under general supervision.  (“CCM services that are not provided personally by the billing practitioner are provided by clinical staff under the direction of the billing practitioner on an “incident to” basis (as an integral part of services provided by the billing practitioner), subject to applicable State law, licensure, and scope of practice. The clinical staff are either employees or working under contract to the billing practitioner whom Medicare directly pays for CCM.”)

In light of how CMS treated CCM services, it is difficult to understand CMS’ dissimilar treatment of CPT 99457.  Like CCM, most RPM services are most efficiently delivered under general supervision, which does not require the physician and auxiliary personnel to be in the same building at the same time, and the physician could instead exert general supervision via telemedicine.  This makes a huge difference in operations and business models.

8. Will Medicare Pay for Setting Up the RPM Device and Patient Education? 

Yes.  CPT 99453 offers separate reimbursement for the initial work associated with onboarding a new patient, setting up the equipment, and patient education on use of the equipment.

9. Must the Patient be in a Rural Area for RPM Reimbursement?

 No, the patient need not be located in a rural area or any specific originating site.  Providers frustrated with the labyrinthine and narrow Medicare coverage of telehealth services can take comfort in the fact that RPM is not considered a Medicare telehealth service.  Instead, like a physician interpretation of an electrocardiogram or radiological image that has been transmitted electronically, RPM services involve the interpretation of medical information without a direct interaction between the practitioner and beneficiary.  Medicare pays for RPM services under the same conditions as in-person physicians’ services with no additional requirements regarding permissible originating sites or rural geographies.

10. Can the Patient be at Home for RPM Reimbursement?

Yes, patients can receive RPM services in their homes.

11. Does RPM Require a Face to Face Exam or Interactive Audio-Video?

RPM services do not require the use of interactive audio-video, as these codes are inherently non face-to-face.  A few groups urged CMS not to be prescriptive regarding the technology that could be used to perform consultations, including real-time video, a store-and-forward visit, or simply a patient-provider message via a patient portal.  CMS expressed sympathy with the desire not to be overly prescriptive about the technology used to furnish RPM services, and stated it defers to the CPT code descriptors and guidance to ascertain the technological modalities used to furnish RPM services.

However, for new patients or patients not seen by the practitioner within one year prior to billing RPM, the practitioner must first conduct a face-to-face visit with the patient (e.g., an annual wellness visit or physical). E/M services levels 2 through 5 (CPT codes 99212 through 99215) should qualify for this face-to-face visit. Transitional care management (TCM) services should also qualify. However, services that do not involve a face-to-face visit by the billing practitioner or which are not separately payable under Medicare (e.g., online services, telephone and other E/M services) would not qualify as an initiating visit.

12. Must the Patient Give Consent to RPM Services?

Yes, the practitioner must get the patient’s consent for RPM services and document it in the patient’s medical record.  Although CMS did not directly address this in the final rule for the new codes, it is a requirement for CPT 99091 and can likely be expected as a requirement for CPT codes 99453, 99454, and 99457.

13. Is there a Patient Co-Payment for RPM Services?

Yes, as a Medicare Part B service, the patient is responsible for a 20% co-payment for RPM services.  While several groups asked CMS to eliminate any beneficiary co-payment for RPM services, CMS explained that it does not have the authority to change the applicable beneficiary cost sharing for most physician services, including RPM.  Providers are cautioned to bill the patient (or the patient’s secondary insurer) for the co-payment, as routine waivers of patient co-payments can present a fraud & abuse risk under the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute.

14. Can RPM Also Be Billed with Chronic Care Management (CCM)?

Yes, a provider can bill both CPT 99457 and CPT 99490 in the same month.  This is allowed because CMS recognizes the kind of analysis involved in furnishing RPM services is complementary to CCM and other care management services. However, time spent furnishing these services cannot be counted towards the required time for both RPM and CCM codes for a single month (i.e., no double counting).  Accordingly, billing both requires at least 40 minutes total (20 minutes of CCM and 20 minutes of RPM).

Healthcare providers should begin launching RPM programs:

Healthcare providers service Medicare patients should consult with companies, such as Dr. Miltie, to deliver RPM services to patients, similar to what we have seen with Chronic Care Management (CCM) companies. This is because the new codes expressly allow the use of “clinical staff” to help fulfill part of the 20 minutes per month. Current CMS guidance on CCM services expressly contemplates and allows third-party companies to contract with Medicare providers to help deliver CCM services. In order to further enable that, CMS created an exception allowing a Medicare provider to bill CCM services as “incident to” under general supervision. Normally, most services billed incident to must be provided under the direct supervision of the provider.

Healthcare providers should prepare for these new opportunities:

The first thing is to take the time to truly understand, with precision, the billing and supervision rules fundamental to a compliant RPM service model. Providers should not focus too much on the technology and business development until they are confident the model they are “selling” or delivering does, in fact, comply with Medicare billing requirements.

Second, providers should take time to develop a model business-to-business RPM contract with Dr. Miltie, whether this is technology-only, support services-only or a combination of both.

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November 02, 2018 – The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has finalized plans to reimburse healthcare providers for certain remote patient monitoring and telehealth services.

CMS this week issued its final 2019 Physician Fee Schedule and Quality Payment Program, opening the door to reimbursement for connected care services that enable providers to manage and coordinate care at home. The changes are focused on three new CPT codes that separate RPM services from telehealth, which is more restricted.

“This provides opportunities for patients around communicating with providers remotely,” CMS Administrator Seema Verma said during a Thursday afternoon conference call with reporters. “We’ve never had this in the program at large. There has been a telehealth benefit mostly for rural providers, but access to care is not just a rural issue, it’s something that patients struggle with across the country.”

“This is an historic change in terms of increasing access and it’s also a great example of some of the efforts that we’re trying to make around supporting innovation,” she added. “This has been happening in the private market and I think the opportunities and the impact could be tremendous. We’re excited to be able to harness this innovation for Medicare beneficiaries.”

Alongside the 2,378-page rule, CMS also issued a fact sheet breaking down the changes.

When the changes were proposed this past July, Nathaniel Lacktman, a partner and healthcare lawyer with Foley & Lardner who chairs the firm’s Telemedicine Industry Team and co-chairs its Digital Health Work Group, said they represent a “landmark change” in government efforts to embrace telehealth and mHealth.

He made that point again in a blog released today.

“With the new CPT codes for Chronic Care Remote Physiologic Monitoring, RPM will become an area of significant upside potential over the coming years,” Lacktman said. “Hospitals and providers using RPM and non-face-to-face technologies to develop patient population health and care coordination services should take a serious look at these new codes, and keep abreast of developments that can drive recurring revenue and improve the patient care experience.”

The new CPT codes are:

• CPT code 99453: “Remote monitoring of physiologic parameter(s) (eg, weight, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, respiratory flow rate), initial; set-up and patient education on use of equipment.”
• CPT code 99454: “Remote monitoring of physiologic parameter(s) (eg, weight, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, respiratory flow rate), initial; device(s) supply with daily recording(s) or programmed alert(s) transmission, each 30 days.”
• CPT code 99457: “Remote physiologic monitoring treatment management services, 20 minutes or more of clinical staff/physician/other qualified healthcare professional time in a calendar month requiring interactive communication with the patient/caregiver during the month.”

Among the significant changes highlighted by Lacktman, CPT 99457 allows RPM services to be performed not only by the physician or qualified healthcare professional, but also by “clinical staff,” such as RNs and medical assistants. This could make it easier for healthcare providers to figure RPM programs into their workflow.

Lacktman also noted the new guidelines aren’t specific about the technology that would qualify for reimbursement.

“Many advocates asked CMS to clarify the kinds of technology covered under CPT codes 99453, 99454, and 99457,” he wrote in his blog. “Some groups gave examples of the kinds of technology they believe these codes should cover, such as software applications that could be integrated into a beneficiary’s smartphone, Holter-Monitors, Fitbits, or artificial intelligence messaging. Other examples included behavioral health data and data from wellness applications, or results of patients’ self-care tasks. Unfortunately, CMS did not offer any specifics in the final rule on what technology qualifies, but CMS does plan to issue forthcoming guidance to help inform practitioners and stakeholders on these issues.  This may likely be in the form of a CMS MLN article or Q&A.”

Aside from the new CPT codes, CMS has issued an interim final rule to eliminate geographic restrictions for telehealth services furnished for purposes of treatment of a substance use disorder or a co-occurring mental health disorder for services furnished on or after July 1, 2019. That ruling – a provision from the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act – would also make the home an originating site, enabling consumers to receive treatment through telehealth at home.

Also this week, CMS released final calendar year 2019 and 2020 payment and policy changes for Home Health Agencies and Home Infusion Therapy Suppliers. Among the changes listed, CMS will no longer require the home health agency to prove medical necessity for a home visit in place of an office visit, giving HHAs more leeway to use RPM and telehealth.

“CMS is finalizing its proposal to define remote patient monitoring in regulation for the Medicare home health benefit and to include the cost of remote patient monitoring as an allowable cost on the HHA cost report,” the agency said. “Studies note that remote patient monitoring has a positive impact on patients as it allows patients to share more live-time data with their providers and caregivers, which will lead to more tailored care and better health outcomes. CMS believes that defining remote patient monitoring and including such costs as allowable costs on the HHA cost report could encourage more HHAs to adopt the technology.”

These announcements follow by one week a CMS proposal to expand the use of telehealth and telemedicine in Medicare Advantage plans.

As part of a 362-page proposal issued on October 26, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is proposing to eliminate geographical restrictions on telehealth access in MA plans by 2020, enabling those in urban areas to use connected health technology. The proposal would also give members more locations to access care, including their own home.

“The Original Medicare telehealth benefit is narrowly defined and includes restrictions on where beneficiaries receiving care via telehealth can be located,” the agency wrote in an accompanying fact sheet. “CMS believes that the additional telehealth benefits in MA will increase access to patient-centered care by giving enrollees more control to determine when, where, and how they access benefits.”

“The proposed rule would give MA plans more flexibility to offer telehealth benefits to all their enrollees, whether they live in rural or urban areas,” the agency stated. “It would also allow greater ability for Medicare Advantage enrollees to receive telehealth from places including their homes, rather than requiring them to go to a health care facility to receive telehealth services. Plans would also have greater flexibility to offer clinically-appropriate telehealth benefits that are not otherwise available to Medicare beneficiaries.”

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On November 1, 2018, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a final rule that includes updates to payment policies, payment rates, and quality provisions for services furnished under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) on or after January 1, 2019.

The calendar year (CY) 2019 PFS final rule is one of several final rules that reflect a broader Administration-wide strategy to create a healthcare system that results in better accessibility, quality, affordability, empowerment, and innovation.

Background on the Physician Fee Schedule

Payment is made under the PFS for services furnished by physicians and other practitioners in all sites of service. These services include, but are not limited to, visits, surgical procedures, diagnostic tests, therapy services, and specified preventive services.

In addition to physicians, payment is made under the PFS to a variety of practitioners and entities, including nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physical therapists, as well as radiation therapy centers and independent diagnostic testing facilities.

Payments are based on the relative resources typically used to furnish the service. Relative Value Units (RVUs) are applied to each service for physician work, practice expense, and malpractice. These RVUs become payment rates through the application of a conversion factor. Payment rates are calculated to include an overall payment update specified by statute

PAYMENT PROVISIONS

Streamlining Evaluation and Management Payment and Reducing Clinician Burden

CMS is finalizing a number of documentation, coding, and payment changes to reduce administrative burden and improve payment accuracy for office/outpatient evaluation and management (E/M) visits over several years. For CYs 2019 and 2020, we are implementing several documentation policies to provide immediate burden reduction, while other changes to documentation, coding, and payment would be implemented in CY 2021.

For CY 2019 and CY 2020, CMS will continue the current coding and payment structure for E/M office/outpatient visits and practitioners should continue to use either the 1995 or 1997 E/M documentation guidelines to document E/M office/outpatient visits billed to Medicare. For CY 2019 and beyond, CMS is finalizing the following policies:

• Elimination of the requirement to document the medical necessity of a home visit in lieu of an office visit;
• For established patient office/outpatient visits, when relevant information is already contained in the medical record, practitioners may choose to focus their documentation on what has changed since the last visit, or on pertinent items that have not changed, and need not re-record the defined list of required elements if there is evidence that the practitioner reviewed the previous information and updated it as needed.  Practitioners should still review prior data, update as necessary, and indicate in the medical record that they have done so;
• Additionally, we are clarifying that for E/M office/outpatient visits, for new and established patients for visits, practitioners need not re-enter in the medical record information on the patient’s chief complaint and history that has already been entered by ancillary staff or the beneficiary. The practitioner may simply indicate in the medical record that he or she reviewed and verified this information; and
• Removal of potentially duplicative requirements for notations in medical records that may have previously been included in the medical records by residents or other members of the medical team for E/M visits furnished by teaching physicians.

Beginning in CY 2021, CMS will further reduce burden with the implementation of payment, coding, and other documentation changes. Payment for E/M office/outpatient visits will be simplified and payment would vary primarily based on attributes that do not require separate, complex documentation. Specifically for CY 2021, CMS is finalizing the following policies:

• Reduction in the payment variation for E/M office/outpatient visit levels by paying a single rate for E/M office/outpatient visit levels 2 through 4 for established and new patients while maintaining the payment rate for E/M office/outpatient visit level 5 in order to better account for the care and needs of complex patients;
• Permitting practitioners to choose to document E/M office/outpatient level 2 through 5 visits using medical decision-making or time instead of applying the current 1995 or 1997 E/M documentation guidelines, or alternatively practitioners could continue using the current framework;
• Beginning in CY 2021, for E/M office/outpatient levels 2 through 5 visits, we will allow for flexibility in how visit levels are documented— specifically a choice to use the current framework, MDM, or time. For E/M office/outpatient level 2 through 4 visits, when using MDM or current framework to document the visit, we will also apply a minimum supporting documentation standard associated with level 2 visits. For these cases, Medicare would require information to support a level 2 E/M office/outpatient visit code for history, exam and/or medical decision-making;
• When time is used to document, practitioners will document the medical necessity of the visit and that the billing practitioner personally spent the required amount of time face-to-face with the beneficiary;
• Implementation of add-on codes that describe the additional resources inherent in visits for primary care and particular kinds of non-procedural specialized medical care, though they would not be restricted by physician specialty. These codes would only be reportable with E/M office/outpatient level 2 through 4 visits, and their use generally would not impose new per-visit documentation requirements; and
• Adoption of a new “extended visit” add-on code for use only with E/M office/outpatient level 2 through 4 visits to account for the additional resources required when practitioners need to spend extended time with the patient.

CMS believes these policies will allow practitioners greater flexibility to exercise clinical judgment in documentation, so they can focus on what is clinically relevant and medically necessary for the beneficiary. CMS intends to engage in further discussions with the public to potentially further refine the policies for CY 2021.

After consideration of concerns raised by commenters in response to the proposed rule, CMS is not finalizing aspects of the proposal that would have: (1) reduced payment when E/M office/outpatient visits are furnished on the same day as procedures, (2) established separate coding and payment for podiatric E/M visits, or (3) standardized the allocation of practice expense RVUs for the codes that describe these services.

Modernizing Medicare Physician Payment by Recognizing Communication Technology-Based Services

CMS is finalizing our proposals to pay separately for two newly defined physicians’ services furnished using communication technology:

• Brief communication technology-based service, e.g. virtual check-in (HCPCS code G2012) and
• Remote evaluation of recorded video and/or images submitted by an established patient (HCPCS code G2010)

Practitioners could be separately paid for the brief communication technology-based service when the patient checks in with the practitioner via telephone or other telecommunications device to decide whether an office visit or other service is needed. This would increase efficiency for practitioners and convenience for beneficiaries. Similarly, the service of remote evaluation of recorded video and/or images submitted by an established patient would allow practitioners to be separately paid for reviewing patient-transmitted photo or video information conducted via pre-recorded “store and forward” video or image technology to assess whether a visit is needed.

CMS is also finalizing policies to pay separately for new coding describing chronic care remote physiologic monitoring (CPT codes 99453, 99454, and 99457) and interprofessional internet consultation (CPT codes 99451, 99452, 99446, 99447, 99448, and 99449).

Comment Solicitation on Creating a Bundled Episode of Care for Management and Counseling Treatment for Substance Use Disorders

In the CY 2019 PFS proposed rule, CMS sought comment on creating a bundled episode of care for management and counseling treatment for substance use disorders. Comment was also sought for regulatory and subregulatory changes to help prevent opioid use disorder and improve access to treatment under the Medicare program. CMS sought comment on methods for identifying non-opioid alternatives for pain treatment and management, along with identifying barriers that may inhibit access to these non-opioid alternatives including barriers related to payment or coverage. CMS received many comments on these solicitations with detailed information to help inform future rulemaking.

Expanding the Use of Telehealth Services for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder and Other Substance Use Disorders

Through an interim final rule with comment period, CMS is implementing a provision from the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act that removes the originating site geographic requirements and adds the home of an individual as a permissible originating site for telehealth services furnished for purposes of treatment of a substance use disorder or a co-occurring mental health disorder for services furnished on or after July 1, 2019.

Additionally, the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act establishes a new Medicare benefit category for opioid use disorder treatment services furnished by opioid treatment programs (OTP) under Medicare Part B, beginning on or after January 1, 2020. We note that there is a 60-day period to comment on the provisions of the interim final rule discussed earlier, during which we are requesting information regarding services furnished by OTPs, payments for these services, and additional conditions for Medicare participation for OTPs that stakeholders believe may be useful for CMS to consider for future rulemaking to implement this new Medicare benefit category.

Providing Practice Flexibility for Radiologist Assistants

CMS is revising the physician supervision requirements so that diagnostic tests performed by a Radiologist Assistant (RA) that meets certain requirements, that would otherwise require a personal level of physician supervision as specified in our regulations, may be furnished under a direct level of physician supervision to the extent permitted by state law and state scope of practice regulations. This is in response to stakeholder comments that the current requirement of personal supervision that applies to some diagnostic tests is overly restrictive when the test is performed by an RA, and does not allow for radiologists to make full use of RAs, and that reducing the required level of supervision will improve efficiency of care.

Discontinue Functional Status Reporting Requirements for Outpatient Therapy

Since January 1, 2013 as required by the Middle Class Tax Relief and Jobs Creation Act of 2012, all providers of outpatient therapy services have been required to include functional status information on claims for therapy services. CMS implemented a system that collects data using non-payable HCPCS G-codes and modifiers to describe a patient’s functional limitation and severity at periodic intervals during outpatient therapy services. In response to the Request for Information on CMS Flexibilities and Efficiencies that was issued in the CY 2018 PFS proposed rule, CMS received comments requesting burden reduction related to the functional status reporting requirements.

The data from the functional reporting system was to be used to aid CMS in recommending changes and reforming of Medicare payment for outpatient therapy services that were subject to the statutory therapy caps. Going forward, the functional status reporting data that would be collected may be even less purposeful because the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 repealed the therapy caps while imposing protections to ensure therapy services are furnished when appropriate. As a result, CMS is finalizing our proposal to discontinue the functional status reporting requirements for services furnished on or after January 1, 2019.

Outpatient Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Services Furnished by Therapy Assistants

The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 requires payment for services furnished in whole or in part by a therapy assistant at 85 percent of the applicable Part B payment amount for the service effective January 1, 2022. In order to implement this payment reduction, the law requires us to establish a new modifier by January 1, 2019 and CMS details our plans to accomplish this in the final rule.

CMS is finalizing our proposal to establish two new modifiers – one for Physical Therapy Assistants (PTA) and another for Occupational Therapy Assistants (OTA) – when services are furnished in whole, or in part by a PTA or OTA. However, CMS is finalizing the new modifiers as “payment” rather than as “therapy” modifiers, based on comments from stakeholders. These will be used alongside of the current PT and OT modifiers, instead of replacing them, which retains the use of the three existing therapy modifiers to report all PT, OT, and Speech Language Pathology services, that have been used since 1998 to track outpatient therapy services that were subject to the therapy caps. CMS is also finalizing a de minimis standard under which a service is furnished in whole or in part by a PTA or OTA when more than 10 percent of the service is furnished by the PTA or OTA, instead of the proposed definition that applied when a PTA or OTA furnished any minute of a therapeutic service. The new therapy modifiers for services furnished by PTAs and OTAs are not required on claims until January 1, 2020.

Conversion Factor

With the budget neutrality adjustment to account for changes in RVUs, all required by law, the final 2019 PFS conversion factor is $36.04, a slight increase above the 2018 PFS conversion factor of $35.99.

Practice Expense (PE): Market-Based Supply and Equipment Pricing Update

Practice expense (PE) is the portion of the resources used in furnishing a service that reflects the general categories of physician and practitioner expenses, such as office rent and personnel wages, but excluding malpractice (MP) expenses. CMS develops PE RVUs for each physician’s service by considering the direct and indirect practice resources involved in furnishing each service. Direct expense categories include clinical labor, medical supplies, and medical equipment.  Indirect expenses include administrative labor, office expense, and all other expenses.

CMS worked with a contractor to conduct an in-depth and robust market research study to update the PFS direct PE inputs for supply and equipment pricing for CY 2019. These supply and equipment prices were last systematically developed in 2004-2005. A report from the contractor with updated pricing recommendations for approximately 1300 supplies and 750 equipment items currently used as direct PE inputs is available as a public use file displayed on the CMS website under downloads for the CY 2019 PFS final rule.

CMS is finalizing the proposal to adopt updated direct PE input prices for supplies and equipment.  While CMS is adopting most of the prices for supplies and equipment as recommended by the contractor and included in the proposed rule, in the case of particular items, CMS is finalizing refinements to the proposed prices based on feedback from commenters. CMS is also finalizing our proposal to phase-in use of these new prices over a 4-year period beginning in CY 2019 to ensure a smooth transition.

Payment Rates for Non-excepted Off-campus Provider-Based Hospital Departments Paid Under the PFS

Section 603 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 requires that certain items and services furnished by certain off-campus hospital outpatient provider-based departments are no longer paid under the Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) and are instead paid under the applicable payment system. In CY 2017, CMS finalized the PFS as the applicable payment system for most of these items and services.

Since CY 2017, payment for these items and services furnished in non-excepted off-campus provider-based departments has been made under the PFS using a PFS Relativity Adjuster based on a percentage of the OPPS payment rate. The PFS Relativity Adjuster in CY 2018 is 40 percent, meaning that non-excepted items and services are paid 40 percent of the amount that would have been paid for those services under the OPPS. CMS is finalizing that the PFS Relativity Adjuster remain at 40 percent for CY 2019.  CMS believes that this PFS Relatively Adjuster encourages fairer competition between hospitals and physician practices by promoting greater payment alignment between outpatient care settings.

Medicare Telehealth Services

For CY 2019, CMS is finalizing our proposals to add the following codes to the list of telehealth services:

• HCPCS codes G0513 and G0514 (Prolonged preventive service(s))

CMS is also finalizing policies to implement the requirements of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 for telehealth services related to beneficiaries with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving home dialysis and beneficiaries with acute stroke effective January 1, 2019. CMS is finalizing the addition of renal dialysis facilities and the homes of ESRD beneficiaries receiving home dialysis as originating sites, and to not apply originating site geographic requirements for hospital-based or critical access hospital-based renal dialysis centers, renal dialysis facilities, and beneficiary homes, for purposes of furnishing the home dialysis monthly ESRD-related clinical assessments. CMS is also finalizing policies to add mobile stroke units as originating sites and not to apply originating site type or geographic requirements for telehealth services furnished for purposes of diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of symptoms of an acute stroke.

Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule

The Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (CLFS) final rule entitled “Medicare Program: Medicare Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Tests Payment System” implemented Section 1834A of the Social Security Act (the Act), which required extensive revisions to the Medicare payment, coding, and coverage for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests (CDLTs) paid under the CLFS. Beginning January 1, 2018, the payment amount for a test on the CLFS is generally equal to the weighted median of private payer rates determined for the test, based on the data of “applicable laboratories” that is collected during a specified data collection period and reported to CMS during a specified data reporting period. The first data collection period was from January 1 through June 30, 2016, and the first data reporting period was from January 1, 2017, through March 31, 2017, including an additional 60-day enforcement discretion period.

In determining payment rates under the private payer rate-based CLFS, one of our goals is to obtain as much applicable information as possible from the broadest possible representation of the national laboratory market on which to base CLFS payment amounts without imposing undue burden on those entities. In the interest of facilitating this goal, CMS proposed a change to the way Medicare Advantage payments are treated in our definition of “applicable laboratory.” CMS is finalizing this proposal, which we believe may result in additional laboratories of all types that serve a significant population of beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Part C in meeting the majority of Medicare revenues threshold and potentially qualifying as an applicable laboratory and report data to CMS.

In addition, CMS sought public comments on alternative approaches for defining an applicable laboratory, for example, using the Form CMS 1450 14X Type of Bill (TOB) or CLIA certificate number to define an applicable laboratory. Based on comments we received and further analysis of the various options, we are amending the applicable laboratory definition to include hospital laboratories that bill for their non-patient laboratory services on the CMS 1450 14X TOB bill.  CMS also sought public comments on potential changes to the low expenditure threshold component of the definition of an applicable laboratory, and will consider those comments as we continue to evaluate and refine Medicare CLFS payment policy in the future.

Ambulance Fee Schedule Payments

The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 extended the temporary add-on payments for ground ambulance services for 5 years. The three temporary add-on payments include: (1) a 3 percent increase to the base and mileage rate for ground ambulance transports that originate in rural areas; (2) a 2 percent increase to the base and mileage rate for ground ambulance transports that originate in urban areas; and (3) a 22.6 percent increase in the base rate for ground ambulance transports that originate in super rural areas. These provisions were set to expire on December 31, 2017, but have been extended through December 31, 2022. The Bipartisan Budget Act also increased the payment reduction from 10 percent to 23 percent for non-emergency basic life support transports of beneficiaries with end-stage renal disease for renal dialysis services furnished other than on an emergency basis by a provider of services or a renal dialysis facility.  This provision is effective with ambulance services furnished on or after October 1, 2018. CMS has revised the applicable regulations to conform with these requirements.

Recognizing Communication Technology-Based and Remote Evaluation Services for Rural Health Clinics and Federally Qualified Health Centers

For CY 2019, CMS finalized payment for Rural Health Clinics (RHCs) and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) for communication technology-based services and remote evaluation services that are furnished by an RHC or FQHC practitioner when there is no associated billable visit. These services will be payable for medical discussions or remote evaluations of conditions not related to an RHC or FQHC service provided within the previous 7 days or within the next 24 hours or at the soonest available appointment. RHCs and FQHCs will be able to bill for these services using a newly created RHC/FQHC Virtual Communication Service HCPCS code, G0071, with payment set at the average of the PFS national non-facility payment rates for communication technology-based services and remote evaluation services.

Wholesale Acquisition Cost-Based Payment for Part B Drugs: Finalizing a Reduction of the Add-on Amount

Most Part B drug payments are based on Average Sales Price (ASP) methodology and, by statute, include an add-on payment of 6 percent of the ASP amount. Some Part B drug payments, are based on the wholesale acquisition cost (WAC). WAC-based payment amounts typically exceed amounts based on ASP.

CMS has finalized a policy that, effective January 1, 2019, WAC-based payments for Part B drugs determined under section1847A of the Social Security Act, during the first quarter of sales when ASP is unavailable, will be subject to a 3 percent add-on in place of the 6 percent add-on that is currently being used. This change in policy will help curb excessive spending, especially for new drugs with high launch prices, and will also decrease beneficiary cost sharing. The reduction of the add-on percentage for certain WAC-based payments for new Part B drugs is consistent with the Fiscal Year 2019 President’s Budget Proposal and MedPAC’s June 2017 Report to the Congress. In addition, CMS will also update manual provisions to permit Medicare Administrative Contractors to use an add-on percentage of up to 3 percent, rather than 6 percent, when utilizing WAC for pricing new drugs. We would also like to reiterate that these changes only apply to WAC-based payment for new Part B drugs.

Medicare Shared Savings Program (Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)

This final rule also addresses a subset of changes to the Medicare Shared Savings Program for ACOs proposed in the August 2018 proposed rule “Medicare Program; Medicare Shared Savings Program; Accountable Care Organizations Pathways to Success” and other revisions designed to update program policies under the Shared Savings Program. In order to ensure continuity of participation, finalize time-sensitive program policy changes for currently participating ACOs, and streamline the ACO core quality measure set to reduce burden and encourage better outcomes, CMS is finalizing the following policies.

• A voluntary 6-month extension for existing ACOs whose participation agreements expire on December 31, 2018, and the methodology for determining financial and quality performance for this 6-month performance year from January 1, 2019, through June 30, 2019.
• Allowing beneficiaries who voluntarily align to a Nurse Practitioner, Physician Assistant, Certified Nurse Specialist, or a physician with a specialty not used in assignment to be prospectively assigned to an ACO if the clinician they align with is participating in an ACO, as provided for in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018.
• Revising the definition of primary care services used in beneficiary assignment.
• Providing relief for ACOs and their clinicians impacted by extreme and uncontrollable circumstances in 2018 and subsequent years.

Reducing the Shared Savings Program core quality measure set by eight measures; and promoting interoperability among ACO providers and suppliers by adding a new CEHRT threshold criterion to determine ACOs’ eligibility for program participation and retiring the current Shared Savings Program quality measure on the percentage of eligible clinicians using CEHRT.

Request for Information on Price Transparency

Under current law, hospitals are required to establish and make public a list of their standard charges. In an effort to encourage price transparency by improving the public accessibility of price information, CMS included a Request for Information related to price transparency and improving beneficiary access to provider and supplier charge information in the CY 2019 PFS proposed rule.  CMS appreciates the input provided by commenters.

Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for Advanced Diagnostic Imaging

For CY 2019, CMS is finalizing the revision of the significant hardship criteria in the AUC program to include: 1) insufficient internet access; 2) electronic health record (EHR) or clinical decision support mechanism (CDSM) vendor issues; or 3) extreme and uncontrollable circumstances. CMS is also finalizing allowing ordering professionals experiencing a significant hardship to self-attest their hardship status. In addition, CMS is adding independent diagnostic testing facilities (IDTFs) to the definition of applicable setting under this program. This will allow the AUC program to be more consistently applied to outpatient settings. CMS is also allowing AUC consultations, when not personally performed by the ordering professional, to be performed by clinical staff under the direction of ordering professional. This will allow the ordering professional to exercise their discretion to delegate the performance of this consultation. 

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CMS issued its annual update to the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Nov. 1, which overhauls Medicare billing and expands coverage of telehealth.

Here are six takeaways from the final rule:

1. Physician payment rates. The 2019 physician fee schedule conversion factor is $36.04, which is up from $35.99 this year and reflects a budget-neutrality adjustment required by law.

2. Evaluation and management coding and payment changes. CMS finalized several coding and payment changes aimed at reducing administrative burden and improving payment accuracy for evaluation and management visits. For example, the final rule allows practitioners to review and verify certain information in a patient’s medical record that is entered by ancillary staff or the patient, rather than re-entering the information. For 2021 and beyond, CMS will consolidate the payment rate for E/M visit levels 2 through 4 while maintaining the payment rate from E/M visit level 5, which is the highest-paying code.

3. Site-neutral payment policies. Under the final rule, CMS will continue site-neutral payment policies under Section 603 of the Bipartisan Budget Act. Off-campus facilities built after Nov. 2, 2015, will be paid 40 percent of the Outpatient Prospective Payment System amount for 2019.

4. Telehealth services. CMS will pay physicians for their time when they check in with Medicare beneficiaries via telephone or another telecommunications device. Physicians will also be paid for the time it takes to review a video or image sent by a patient to assess whether a visit is needed.

5. Merit-based Incentive Payment System. For 2019, CMS is adding eight MIPS quality measures, including four based on patients’ reporting of their outcomes. CMS is removing 26 quality measures. After receiving concerns from clinicians who were not eligible to participate in the MIPS program during the first two years, CMS is expanding the program to include physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech pathologists, audiologists, clinical psychologists, and registered dietitians or nutrition professionals. CMS is also finalizing an opt-in policy that allows some clinicians who otherwise would have been excluded under the low-volume threshold the option to participate in MIPS.

6. American Hospital Association weighs in. “Today’s rule will have positive and negative consequences for America’s hospitals and health systems and the patients they serve,” said Ashley Thompson, AHA senior vice president of public policy analysis and development. Specifically, the AHA applauded CMS for expanding physicians’ ability to serve patients through telehealth, but the group expressed disappointment with CMS’ policies regarding site-neutral payments.

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[pdf-embedder url=”https://drmiltie.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Centers-for-Medicare-Medicaid-Services-Final-Rule-42-CFR-Parts-409-424-484-486-and-488-Medicare-and-Medicaid-Programs-CY-2019-Home-Health-Prospective-Payment-System-Rate-Update.pdf” title=”Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services – Final Rule – 42 CFR Parts 409, 424, 484, 486, and 488 – Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2019 Home Health Prospective Payment System Rate Update”]

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